Population Characteristics:1,2,3
Pathophysiology:4,5,6
DMD:
BMD:
Signs and Symptoms:7
Diagnosis:6,8,9
Prognosis:9,10,11
DMD:
BMD:
Physical Therapy Interventions:12
1. Parsons EP, Clarke AJ, Hood K, et al. Newborn screening for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a psychosocial study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002;86(1): F91-95.
2. NINDS muscular dystrophy information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Web site. Available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/md.htm. Accessed March 29, 2014.
3. Bradley WG, Jones MZ, Mussini JM, et al. Becker-type muscular dytrophy. Muscle Nerve. 1978;1(2): 111-132.
4. Ervasti JM, Ohlendieck K, Kahl SD, et al. Deficiency of a glycoprotein component of the dystrophin complex in dystrophic muscle. Nature. 1990;345(6273): 315-319.
5. Hoffman EP, Fischbeck KH, Brown RH, et al. Characterization of dystrophin in muscle-biopsy specimens from patients with Duchenne's or Becker's muscular dystrophy. N Engl J Med. 1998;318(21) 1363-1368.
6. Hoffman EP, Kunkel LM, Angelini C, et al. Improved diagnosis of Becker muscular dystrophy by dystrophin testing. Neurology. 1989;39(8): 1011-1017.
7. Signs and symptoms. Muscular Dystrophy Association Web site. 2014. Available at: http://mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy/signs-and-symptoms. Accessed March 29, 2014.
8. Goldsein JA and McNally EM. Mechanisms of muscle weakness in muscular dystrophy. Journal of General Physiology. 2010;136(1): 29.
9. Emery AE. The muscular dystrophies. Lancet. 2022;359(9307): 687-695.
10. Kohler M, Clarenbach CF, Bahler C, et al. Diasbility and survival in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(3): 320-325.
11. Bushby KM, Garnder-Medwin D. the clinical, genetic and dystrophin characteristics of Becker muscular dystrophy. I. Natural history. J Neurol. 1993;240(2): 98-104.
12. Bushby K, Finkel R, Bimkrant DJ., et al. Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: implemementation of multidisciplinary care. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(2): 177-189.